Yuan Kehuan

Zhang Boju relates in his annotated Xu Hongxian jishi shi that in the xinhai year (1911) he and Yuan Shikai’s fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh sons were fellow students at Xinxue Shuyuan (the Xinxue academy). The note adds that they took their midday meal there after classes and that a Mr. Fansun sometimes came to see them, examined them on their lessons and gave them earnest counsel.⁠[1]

In 1913 he, his fifth brother Yuan KequanYuan KequanYuan Kequan (1898–1941) was the fifth son of Yuan Shikai and a poet in the classical style; after his father’s death he lived in seclusion in Tianjin, and he left six collections of verse.Open the full entry and his seventh brother Yuan KeqiYuan KeqiYuan Keqi was the seventh son of Yuan Shikai. In 1913 he and two of his elder brothers accompanied Yan Xiu on a journey to Europe and then attended Cheltenham College in England; he married the fifth daughter of Sun Baoqi, a foreign minister of the Republic of China, and left a recollection of his father’s last day.Open the full entry accompanied Yan Xiu on a journey to Europe, and the three then attended Cheltenham College in England.⁠[1][2]

Wang Birong’s book Bainian Yuanjia states that the three brothers spent only one year and three months at the school and left without a formal diploma. She also writes that the brothers lived with the headmaster and were coached in English, and from the school she obtained a photograph of the three watching a football match with English schoolmates, in which their faces seem somewhat melancholy, perhaps because it was the first time they had left home and the large Yuan household for an entirely strange place and country. The Reverend Reginald Waterfield was the school’s headmaster from 1899 to 1919, and he gave them parting words when they left England.⁠[1]

His son-in-law Bai Junhe, who by his own statement joined the family in the early 1960s, says in an oral account that the four sons of Yuan Kehuan’s mother, Lady Yang, were all sent to school in England or the United StatesUnited StatesThe United States is a federal country in North America made up of 50 states, the District of Columbia as the seat of government, and territories such as Puerto Rico and Guam; its capital is Washington, D.C. The Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The 2020 census (April 1, 2020) counted a resident population of 331,449,281, and the 435 seats of the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states on the basis of the census.Open the full entry when very young, and that Yuan Kehuan studied military subjects in England and later broke off his studies and returned home.⁠[3][3][3]

Bai Junhe says in his account that when his mother-in-law, Chen Zheng, married into the Yuan family, Yuan Shikai had been dead for a year or two, and that the family sent a special train to bring her to Tianjin for the wedding, her parents, Chen Qitai and his wife, moving to Tianjin with their daughter. The excerpt of the same account printed in Wenzhai Bao on May 6, 2023, from Zhang Guansheng’s book Lishi de fengxichu, says that her family came from Changsha in Hunan and later moved to Hangzhou. Bai Junhe describes her as modern-minded and generous, adding that as a young woman she already travelled between Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai on American aircraft.⁠[3][4]

Bai Junhe says in his account that he formally entered industry in North China in 1926, concentrating on the Kailuan coal mines and Qixin Yanghui Gongsi (the Qixin cement company); that in 1927 he became the cement company’s assistant manager; and that in 1933 he was promoted to general manager, a post he held until the victory in the war against Japan.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe adds that in taking up industry he had the support of three younger brothers: the eighth, Yuan KezhenYuan KezhenYuan Kezhen was the eighth son of Yuan Shikai. His wife, Zhou Ruizhu, was a daughter of Zhou Fu, who served as governor and governor-general of several provinces in the last years of the Qing dynasty. Bai Junhe, the husband of one of his nieces, says in an oral account that his mother was Lady Yang, Yuan Shikai’s fifth consort, that he helped his sixth brother, Yuan Kehuan, in industry, and that he died relatively early.Open the full entry, the ninth, Yuan KejiuYuan KejiuYuan Kejiu was the ninth son of Yuan Shikai; Phillips Academy’s record gives his year of birth as 1905 and Wang Birong’s book as 1903. Wang Birong writes that in 1914 his father betrothed him to Li Shaofang, the second daughter of Li Yuanhong, and that they married in 1934. He went to the United States to study in 1920 and attended Phillips Academy from 1921 to 1924; Bai Junhe, the husband of one of his nieces, says that after returning to China he served continuously as a director of Qixin Yanghui Gongsi (the Qixin cement company).Open the full entry, and the eleventh, Yuan Ke’anYuan Ke’anYuan Ke’an was the eleventh son of Yuan Shikai; he went to the United States to study in 1920 and attended Phillips Academy from 1921 to 1924, whose student record gives his year of birth as 1906 and lists a later career in civil aviation in Taiwan and service as secretary to Claire Lee Chennault.Open the full entry. Bai Junhe says that the eighth brother, Yuan Kezhen, died relatively early, having played some part in helping him establish the family’s position among the large enterprises of the north, and that the ninth, Yuan Kejiu, after returning from study in the United States as a young man, long served as a director of the cement company.⁠[3]

Yuan Jiacheng, a grandson of Yuan Shikai, said in a 2016 interview with the history channel of ifeng.com that his sixth and ninth uncles later ran industrial concerns such as Qixin Yanghui Gongsi and other cement companies; the transcript prints the sixth uncle’s given name with a different second character (Keheng).⁠[5]

Bai Junhe says in his account that as general manager he founded Huaxin Shuinichang (the Huaxin cement works) in Hubei, Jiangnan Shuinichang (the Jiangnan cement works) in Nanjing and a cement works in Beijing that the account calls Beijing Liuli Shuinichang, and also set up cotton-spinning mills in Shanghai, Tangshan and Weihui, Henan.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe holds that during the Japanese occupation he worked, whether as chairman or as general manager, for the safety and development of Chinese-owned industry.⁠[3]

Elsewhere in the account Bai Junhe says that after 1945 he resigned as general manager of Qixin Yanghui Gongsi and went to Qixiashan in Nanjing to set up Jiangnan Shuinichang, of which he became chairman, and that at the same time he set up a Yaohua glass company in Shanghai.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe says he heard that in the first years of the People’s Republic the government considered making his father-in-law a vice mayor of Tianjin and that his father-in-law himself was unwilling.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe says the reason he heard was that Lady Yang, before her death, had asked her sons to stay out of politics. As he relates it, she said that Yuan Shikai had gone as far as politics could take him, president of the Republic and then emperor, that it is cold at such heights and very hard, and so urged her sons to keep off the road of politics and to build up industry instead; Bai Junhe says that Yuan Kehuan heeded his mother’s teaching, stayed out of politics and went on developing Chinese industry.⁠[3][4]

Bai Junhe says in his account that he died in 1956 and that his funeral was a grand one, to which the Zhongyang Renmin Zhengfu Zhonggongyebu (the Ministry of Heavy Industry of the Central People’s Government) and others sent baskets of flowers.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe says in his account that he saw many sets of photograph albums at his father-in-law’s house, with a great many pictures of Lady Yang and photographs of Yuan Shikai fishing at Zhangde in Henan, and that in August 1966 the photographs were burned by Red Guards, very few surviving.⁠[3][4]

He says that Yuan Kehuan’s eldest daughter, Yuan Jiaying, still has some photographs, and that Yuan Jiayun, a daughter of the eighth brother, Yuan Kezhen, who has lived in Canada for decades and whose husband was a senior information officer for Taiwan there, has photographs of Lady Yang. The Wenzhai Bao excerpt says instead that the woman he and his wife call Fourteenth Aunt, Yuan Shikai’s fourteenth daughter, who went to the United States early, still has her photographs.⁠[3][4]

Bai Junhe says in his account that in 1973, a month after Luke Chia-Liu YuanLuke Chia-Liu YuanLuke Chia-Liu Yuan (1912–2003) was a Chinese-born American experimental physicist and the husband of the physicist Chien-Shiung Wu; he worked mainly at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where he was a senior physicist. He was elected an academician of Academia Sinica in 1959 and chaired the steering committee of Taiwan’s Synchrotron Radiation Research Center from 1983 to 2002.Open the full entry and his wife returned to the United States, Chen Zheng went to the United States too, taking her grandson Li Lizhong; that on the night of the Tangshan earthquake in 1976 she suffered a stroke there and was taken to hospital by her son-in-law Li Guoyuan and Yuan Jiaying; and that prompt treatment saved her life but left her with lasting effects.⁠[3]

He says that in 1986 Yuan Jiaying brought her mother back to Tianjin, where Chen Zheng lived in his home for six years until she died there in 1992.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe says in his account that Lady Yang was Yuan Shikai’s fifth consort and that, by the account’s reckoning of Yuan Shikai’s fifteen sons, her four sons were the sixth, eighth, ninth and eleventh. Bai Junhe adds that among the fifteen sons the eldest, Yuan KedingYuan KedingYuan Keding, courtesy name Yuntai, was the eldest son of Yuan Shikai; fluent in German and English, he commanded the Army Model Regiment and in 1915 was a core member of the Chouanhui, the society that campaigned for a constitutional monarchy; he came to be called the “crown prince of Hongxian.” After Yuan Shikai’s death he lived for a time in seclusion; under the Japanese occupation he disavowed in print a statement supporting the “New Order in East Asia” that had been published over his name without his consent, and he spent his last years in the household of his cousin Zhang Boju, dying at the end of the 1950s.Open the full entry, was very active in politics, the second, Yuan KewenYuan KewenYuan Kewen (1890–1931), art name Hanyun, was the second son of Yuan Shikai, known as a poet, calligrapher and collector of Song and Yuan printed books, old coins and stamps, and as an amateur performer of Peking opera and Kunqu. He remonstrated in verse when his father prepared to take the throne; the physicist Luke Chia-Liu Yuan was his son.Open the full entry, was known in literature and the theater, and the sixth, Yuan Kehuan, achieved much in industry.⁠[3]

The 2019 paper by Nicholas L. Chan, by contrast, gives Yuan Shikai 17 sons and 15 daughters; it too calls him the sixth son.⁠[1]

Bai Junhe says in his account that his wife, Chen Zheng, was the only daughter of Chen Qitai, a late-Qing governor of Jiangsu, and bore seven children, five daughters and two sons. Wang Birong’s book on the family history of Lady Yang’s descendants writes that he also had a concubine, Lady Sun, whom the third generation of the family called mama.⁠[3][6]

Bai Junhe adds that Qixin Yanghui Gongsi gave financial help to Luke Chia-Liu Yuan, the son of his second brother Yuan Kewen, when he went abroad to study, and that in 1973, on their first visit back to China, Luke Chia-Liu Yuan and his wife, Chien-Shiung WuChien-Shiung WuChien-Shiung Wu (1912–1997) was a Chinese-born American experimental physicist who spent most of her career at Columbia University and worked on the Manhattan Project. Her cobalt-60 beta-decay experiment of 1956–1957, carried out with collaborators, provided the first experimental proof that parity is not conserved in weak interactions.Open the full entry, called on Chen Zheng in Tianjin, a visit at which Bai Junhe himself was present.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe says in his account that the Kailuan Kuangwuju (the Kailuan mining administration) was a Sino-British joint concern with one British and one Chinese chairman, and that he was the chairman on the Chinese side. The excerpt of the same account printed in Wenzhai Bao on May 6, 2023, under Zhang Guansheng’s name and taken from the book Lishi de fengxichu, adds that he served as a director of the Kailuan mining administration and that his office was in what was then the Kailuan Kuangwuju building, now the office building of the Tianjin municipal committee of the Communist Party of China.⁠[3][4]

Bai Junhe adds that while general manager of Qixin Yanghui Gongsi he was also chairman of Yaohua Boli Gongsi (the Yaohua glass company) at Qinhuangdao.⁠[3]

Chan’s paper names him, together with his fourth brother Yuan KeduanYuan KeduanYuan Keduan (died 1951) was the fourth son of Yuan Shikai; a skilled calligrapher, he was a counselor in the Dayuanshuai Fu (generalissimo’s headquarters) of Zhang Zuolin and a nominal director of the Kailuan Kuangwuju (Kailuan mining administration).Open the full entry and his thirteenth brother Yuan Kexiang, among the sons of Yuan Shikai who were skilled calligraphers.⁠[1]

Bai Junhe says in his account that some history books give Lady Yang’s home as Yangliuqing in Tianjin but that, as far as he knows, she came from Yixingfu in Tianjin; Yuan Jiacheng said in his 2016 interview that she came from Yixingfu in Tianjin and was of fairly humble origin. The Wenzhai Bao excerpt says that her family were ordinary local people who grew and sold flowers.⁠[3][5][4]

Bai Junhe says that Lady Yang had a good head and something of a modern outlook but confined herself to the household and kept out of politics; that she owed Yuan Shikai’s trust largely to her thrifty and impartial management; and that Yuan Shikai gave her charge of coordinating and managing the households of the sixth to ninth consorts. Yuan Jiacheng says that she was good with money, that Yuan Shikai later put the household’s finances in her hands, and that her descendants were all good with money too.⁠[3][5]

The Wenzhai Bao excerpt says that of Yuan Shikai’s sons only her four all studied abroad, came into contact with Western thought and culture, and on their return achieved something in reviving Chinese industry; Bai Junhe regards her as having risen above the ordinary views of women of her time, with a way of her own both in helping Yuan Shikai run his household and in raising sons who made their mark.⁠[4][3]

Nicholas L. Chan’s paper states that while Yuan Shikai was alive the whole family lived in Zhongnanhai.⁠[1]

Bai Junhe quotes Yuan Kehuan’s elder son, Yuan Jiachen, as saying that his father had no pastimes beyond a game of mahjong when entertaining, never went to dance halls, gambling houses, racecourses or brothels, never had holidays or Sundays, owned no house of his own and not an acre of land, and put all his energy into industry.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe says that the elder son, Yuan Jiachen, had as his godfather the late-Qing eunuch Xiao Dezhang. The Wenzhai Bao excerpt says that, reckoned from Lady Yang, Yuan Jiachen was the eldest grandson of the senior line.⁠[3][4]

Bai Junhe says that Yuan Jiachen often came first in his class at Yaohua Middle School and went on to the chemistry department of Yenching University; that in 1947 or 1948 he won a government scholarship to study in the United States, where he majored in economics in the graduate school of New York UniversityNew York UniversityNew York University is a private university in New York City, founded in 1831, and one of the largest private universities in the United States.Open the full entry; and that he returned to China in about 1950. The Wenzhai Bao excerpt says instead that the family sent him to the United States in 1947 or 1948, and counts him among the many scholars who came back from the United States after the founding of the People’s Republic.⁠[3][4]

After his return Yuan Jiachen began as a substitute teacher at the middle school attached to Tianjin Gongshang, an opening found for him by his third sister’s husband, Chen Boyong, a mathematics teacher there, and he spent the rest of his working life in secondary-school teaching; Bai Junhe says that after the reforms began he declined offers from Nankai University and other institutions.⁠[4][3]

Yuan Jiachen had two sons and two daughters, Bai Junhe says; because of their family background neither daughter could get into the school she wanted, and the elder studied traditional Chinese medicine at a college of Chinese medicine and was for many years a deputy to the Tianjin Municipal People’s Congress; the younger son, Yuan Hongzhe, is a business representative in New York for a Tianjin company, his name being printed as Yuan Hongyu in the Wenzhai Bao excerpt.⁠[3][4]

Bai Junhe says that the younger son, Yuan Jiawei, had also studied in the United States, and that a quarrel with his mother, Chen Zheng, over family property left them on bad terms, so that after Yuan Kehuan’s death mother and son had very little to do with each other.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe says that the eldest daughter, Yuan Jiaying, married Li Guoyuan, who had gone abroad to start a business before 1949; she followed him in 1950, first to Hong Kong and then to Indonesia, where he became president of a university; when anti-Chinese persecution broke out in Indonesia they narrowly escaped with their lives and went by ship to the United States. The Wenzhai Bao excerpt prints his given name with a different second character and says that Yuan Jiaying went with him to Indonesia before 1949.⁠[3][4]

Bai Junhe says that Li Guoyuan later attended a theological seminary, specialized in Hebrew and became a well-known Chinese American pastor, and that he died at only 58; the Wenzhai Bao excerpt adds that he played the piano and the accordion well. Bai Junhe’s account mentions Yuan Jiaying’s home in Chicago.⁠[3][4]

Bai Junhe says that Yuan Jiaying had four sons and a daughter. The eldest son, Li Lizhong, born in 1946, lived in China with his grandmother until 1973 and later ran a jewelry business in New York, dealing in jewelry and designing pieces himself; on a later occasion, not long after Yuan Jiaying had come to Tianjin, a telephone call from America brought news that he had been in a car accident, and by the time she reached New York he was in a vegetative state; he died soon afterwards.⁠[3]

The second son, Li Lilin, is an abstract painter whose work is held by Rongbaozhai in Shanghai and who has had solo exhibitions in Switzerland and other countries; the third, Li Liyang, studied literature and is, Bai Junhe says, a well-known American poet, winner of many literary awards and a professor at Northwestern UniversityNorthwestern UniversityNorthwestern University is a private research university founded in 1851, with campuses in Evanston and Chicago, Illinois, United States, and in Doha, Qatar.Open the full entry; the youngest, Li Li’en, works in advertising for a New York agency.⁠[3]

Of the American poet Li-Young Lee, the Academy of American Poets’ biography states that he was born in 1957 in Jakarta, Indonesia, to Chinese parents; that his father, who had been a personal physician to Mao Zedong in China, moved the family to Indonesia and there helped found Gamaliel University; and that in 1959 the family fled the country to escape anti-Chinese sentiment and, after a five-year trek through Hong Kong, Macau and Japan, settled in the United States in 1964. The Poetry Foundation’s biography states that both his parents were political exiles from powerful families and that his great-grandfather was the first president of the Republic of China; that as anti-Chinese sentiment rose in Indonesia in the 1950s his father was arrested and held as a political prisoner for a year, the family fleeing after his release in 1959; and that he and his parents later moved from Seattle to PennsylvaniaPennsylvaniaPennsylvania (officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania) is a Middle Atlantic state of the United States; its capital is Harrisburg, and Philadelphia and Pittsburgh are its two great metropolitan areas. One of the original 13 states, it ratified the U.S. Constitution on December 12, 1787, the second state to do so. Its population in the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) was 13,002,700.Open the full entry, where his father attended seminary and eventually became a Presbyterian minister in the small community of Vandergrift. Both biographies say that he has taught at universities including Northwestern University and the University of Iowa and that he lives in Chicago; the Poetry Foundation adds that he is an American citizen. The exhibit page “Li-Young Lee” on the University of Rochester Libraries’ exhibit site states that he was born in Jakarta in 1957; that his father was the personal physician to Mao Zedong and his mother’s family were prominent and wealthy Chinese figures, his maternal great-grandfather being Yuan Shikai, the first president of the Republic of China; that in 1959 the military police arrested his father as a spy spreading ideas from the West, but primarily as a result of anti-Chinese sentiment; that after nineteen months in prison the family escaped to Hong Kong, where his father had a short stint as a prolific evangelist, and went on to Macau and Japan before receiving asylum in the United States in 1962; and that his father became a Presbyterian minister in Vandergrift, a small town in western Pennsylvania. The page adds that he lives in Chicago with his wife, Donna, and their two sons. Its account of the father’s arrest in 1959 and nineteen months in prison, and of asylum in the United States in 1962, differs from the Poetry Foundation’s year as a political prisoner ending with his release in 1959 and from the arrival or settlement in the United States in 1964 given by both biographies.⁠[7][8][9]

The Academy of American Poets’ biography adds that Li-Young Lee attended the University of PittsburghUniversity of PittsburghThe University of Pittsburgh is a state-related research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It traces its origins to the Pittsburgh Academy, founded in 1787, and is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the country.Open the full entry, the University of Arizona and the State University of New York at Brockport; that his books include Rose, dated 1986 in the biography and 1989 in the page’s bibliography, which won the Delmore Schwartz Memorial Poetry Award, The City in Which I Love You (1990), the 1990 Lamont Poetry Selection, Book of My Nights (2001), which won the 2002 William Carlos Williams Award, Behind My Eyes (2008), The Undressing (2018) and The Invention of the Darling (2024), and that his memoir The Winged Seed: A Remembrance (1995) received an American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation; that his honors include the 2024 Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize, a fellowship from the Academy of American Poets, a Lannan Literary Award, a Whiting Award, the PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Award, the I. B. Lavan Award, three Pushcart Prizes and a Guggenheim Foundation fellowship, as well as grants from the Illinois Arts Council, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts and the National Endowment for the Arts; and that in 1998 the State University of New York at Brockport awarded him the honorary degree of doctor of humane letters.⁠[7]

Bai Junhe says that Yuan Jiaying’s daughter, Li Feifei, had a fine artistic gift and sang beautifully, graduated in mathematics, and married a fifth-generation descendant of James MonroeJames MonroeJames Monroe (1758–1831) was an American politician and diplomat who served as President of the United States from 1817 to 1825; his administration proclaimed the Monroe Doctrine.Open the full entry, the fifth president of the United States, named in the account as Maike, an expert on nuclear power plants.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe says that the second daughter never married, settled in the United States in the early 1980s and has become an American citizen. The third daughter, Yuan Jiaqu, married Chen Boyong, a mathematics teacher at the middle school attached to Tianjin Gongshang, whose trigonometry lessons earned him the nickname Trigonometry Chen; they had three sons, all good students, went abroad chiefly for the children’s sake and have become American citizens. By 1981 the three eldest of Chen Zheng’s five daughters were in the United States.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe says that the fourth daughter, Yuan Jiashu, went to a French school in her secondary years with her younger sister, Yuan Jiaxin, then studied architecture at Tianjin University on a five-year course, and on graduating in 1957 was assigned to the glass-fibre research institute at Guanzhuang in Beijing; her husband, Zhuge Rui, had also studied architecture. In 1965, when part of the institute moved to Nanjing, she and Zhuge Rui went to work at the Nanjing glass-fibre research institute; at the end of 1981 the family moved to Tianjin, where she became a deputy chief designer at the Tianjin architectural design institute and Zhuge Rui joined the Tianjin planning and design institute, later becoming its chief engineer, and their three children came to Tianjin as well; she served on the sixth, seventh and eighth National Committees of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, and in 1987, after retiring, she settled in the United States.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe says that his wife, the youngest daughter, Yuan Jiaxin, took a degree in mathematics at Tianjin Normal College and on graduating in 1957 was assigned to teach mathematics at Tianjin No. 1 Middle School; they married in 1963, and the wife of Xiao Dezhang, Yuan Jiachen’s godfather, known in the family as godmother or Mrs. Zhang, sent a wedding gift. In 1973, when she was nearly forty, Yuan Jiaxin had a son, Bai Yi, who on finishing high school at Tianjin No. 1 Middle School in 1991 had a place arranged for him by his aunt Yuan Jiaying to study modern music production at a university in Chicago, but gave up the chance to go abroad because his grandmother, Chen Zheng, was gravely ill and his mother was repeatedly in hospital, and instead studied information engineering in China and has since worked in insurance.⁠[3]

Bai Junhe says that in 2001 Yuan Jiaying came home on a family visit, stayed in his house and pressed Yuan Jiaxin to go back to America with her; on September 11 the two sisters were flying to the United States on a United AirlinesUnited AirlinesUnited Airlines is an airline based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is wholly owned by the Nasdaq-listed United Airlines Holdings, Inc. and is a member of Star Alliance. One of its founding carriers, Varney Air Lines, made its first flight in 1926, and the company merged with Continental Airlines in 2010.Open the full entry plane when they learned that something had happened in New York, the plane landed in Canada, and a week later they flew on to Yuan Jiaying’s home in Chicago, where Yuan Jiaxin stayed for a year.⁠[3]

Zhang Boju records in notes to his annotated Xu Hongxian jishi shi that after Yuan Shikai’s death Lady Yu lived at Huanshang village in Zhangde, and that one year he went with Yuan Shikai’s fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth sons to wish her a happy birthday; they were received in the rear hall and paid their respects with family rites, and the occasion had a simple, rustic air. On the way, when the talk turned to which historical figure their father resembled, Yuan Keduan named Cao Cao and Wang Mang and Yuan Kequan Huan Wen, and the company settled on that.⁠[1]