California

Large Native American populations lived in California before the Spanish arrived; estimates range from about 130,000 around 1542 to possibly as many as 275,000. In the 2020 Census more than 1.4 million Californians identified as wholly or partly Native American.⁠[1][2][2]

In 1542 the Spanish navigator Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the land for Spain at San Diego Bay; in 1579 Francis Drake claimed it for England; and in 1602 Sebastián Vizcaíno sailed along the southern coast, naming San Diego, Santa Catalina Island, Santa Barbara and Monterey. Working from inaccurate maps, explorers wrongly believed California was an island, and Spain neglected the territory for a long time afterward.⁠[2][1]

Missionary aims, Russian and British sea otter traders and the search for the Northwest Passage pushed Spain to settle the region. In 1769 the viceroy sent expeditions from Baja California; that July Gaspar de Portolá founded a military post at San Diego and the Franciscan friar Junípero Serra dedicated the first mission there. Portolá set up a military outpost at Monterey in 1770, and colonization gained momentum after an overland supply route across the southwestern deserts opened in 1773.⁠[1][2]

Serra and his successors founded 21 missions, the last being San Francisco Solano at Sonoma in 1823. The missions were the most important force in California’s early development: the padres taught “Mission Indians” farming and crafts and used their forced labor to irrigate large ranches, trading hides, tallow, wine and other goods for manufactured products brought by American ships.⁠[2][1]

Russians built Fort Ross in 1812 and sold it to John Sutter in 1841.⁠[2]

California came under Mexican rule after Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. Between 1833 and 1840 the Mexican government gave the mission ranches to political favorites and the padres withdrew; Native Americans were exploited and their numbers fell. The first wagon train of American settlers left MissouriMissouriMissouri is a state of the United States bounded on the east by the Mississippi River; its capital is Jefferson City, its largest city is Kansas City, and its second-largest is St. Louis. It was admitted to the Union on August 10, 1821, as the 24th state, and its population in the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) was 6,154,913.Open the full entry for California in 1841.⁠[1][2]

In 1846 settlers at Sonoma rose up and declared a republic; the uprising took the name “Bear Flag Revolt” from its hastily designed first flag, which was replaced by the American flag after about a month. The United States declared war on Mexico in May 1846 and raised its flag at Monterey in July, and in January 1847 the Californios surrendered to John C. Frémont near Los Angeles.⁠[1][3][4]

On January 24, 1848, James W. Marshall found gold at the sawmill he was building for John Sutter on the South Fork of the American River near Coloma. The find was at first met with skepticism, and the Gold Rush began in earnest after President James Polk confirmed the discovery to Congress in December 1848. By August 1848 about 4,000 miners had settled along the river.⁠[5][6][1]

In February 1848 Mexico and the United States signed the treaty ending the Mexican-American War, ceding a large part of the Southwest, including present-day California, to the United States; the gold discovery came nine days before the war ended.⁠[7][1]

The treaty was signed on February 2, 1848, at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a city to which the Mexican government had fled as U.S. forces advanced. The U.S. Senate ratified it with amendments on March 10, 1848, by a vote of 34 to 14, striking Article X, which protected Mexican land grants; ratifications were exchanged at Querétaro on May 30, 1848. Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including present-day California, NevadaNevadaNevada is a state in the western United States bordered by Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, and California; its capital is Carson City. It was admitted to the Union on October 31, 1864, as the 36th state, and its population in the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) was 3,104,614.Open the full entry, UtahUtahUtah is a U.S. state bordered by Idaho to the north, Wyoming to the northeast, Colorado to the east, Arizona to the south and Nevada to the west, with its capital at Salt Lake City. It was admitted to the Union on January 4, 1896, as the 45th state, and the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) counted 3,271,616 residents.Open the full entry and New MexicoNew MexicoNew Mexico is a state in the Southwestern United States. Its capital is Santa Fe and its largest city is Albuquerque. It was admitted to the Union on January 6, 1912, as the 47th state, and had a population of 2,117,522 in the 2020 census (April 1, 2020).Open the full entry, most of ArizonaArizonaArizona is a state in the southwestern United States; its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1912, as the 48th state. Its population at the 2020 Census (April 1, 2020) was 7,151,502.Open the full entry and ColoradoColoradoColorado is a U.S. state classified as one of the Mountain states, with Denver as its capital. It was admitted to the Union on August 1, 1876, as the 38th state, and its population in the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) was 5,773,714.Open the full entry, and parts of OklahomaOklahomaOklahoma is a U.S. state whose capital is Oklahoma City. It was admitted to the Union on November 16, 1907, as the 46th state, and its population in the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) was 3,959,353.Open the full entry, KansasKansasKansas is a state of the United States bordered by Nebraska to the north, Missouri to the east, Oklahoma to the south, and Colorado to the west; its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita. It was admitted to the Union on January 29, 1861, as the 34th state, and its population in the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) was 2,937,880.Open the full entry and WyomingWyomingWyoming is a U.S. state, the ninth largest by area, with its capital at Cheyenne. Wyoming was admitted to the Union on July 10, 1890, as the 44th state, and the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) counted 576,851 residents.Open the full entry, and recognized the Rio Grande as the boundary; the United States paid $15 million. Mexicans who remained in the ceded lands could keep their property and choose either to retain Mexican citizenship or to become U.S. citizens; those who did not declare their intent within one year were considered to have chosen U.S. citizenship.⁠[8]

About 40,000 people arrived in California by sea in 1849, and some 6,000 wagons carried about 40,000 more overland; an estimated 140,000 emigrants reached California by the California Trail between 1849 and 1854. The migration consumed Native people’s food, land, water and space, and Indigenous Californians suffered. Gold production peaked in 1852, and nearly $2 billion in gold was extracted before mining became largely inactive.⁠[1][5]

From September 1 to October 13, 1849, 48 delegates met in convention at Colton Hall in Monterey and approved a state constitution on October 10–11; voters ratified it on November 13, 1849, by 12,061 to 811. Article XI, section 21 required laws to be published in Spanish and English, making California a bilingual state for its first 30 years. The first legislature, with 16 senators and 36 Assembly members, met in San Jose on December 15, 1849.⁠[9][10][11]

In 1849 California asked to enter the Union as a free state, which would upset the balance between slave and free states that had held since the Missouri Compromise of 1820. On January 29, 1850, Senator Henry Clay introduced resolutions, the first proposing California’s admission, and the President submitted California’s constitution to Congress on February 13, 1850. After seven months of Senate debate, substitute bills offered by Stephen A. Douglas passed both houses.⁠[12]

The admission act of September 9, 1850, declared California admitted on an equal footing with the original states, entitled it to two representatives until the next apportionment, and barred it from interfering with the federal disposal of public lands or taxing the public domain. California entered the Union free of slavery, and on September 10, 1850, John C. Frémont and William M. Gwin became its first U.S. senators.⁠[12][10][7]

San Jose was the capital from December 13, 1849, to May 1, 1851; the Legislature met briefly in Vallejo in 1852 and 1853 and in the Sacramento County Courthouse in 1852, and Benicia was the capital from February 11, 1853, to February 25, 1854. The seat of government moved permanently to Sacramento on February 28, 1854. Construction of the State Capitol began in 1860 and was completed on February 28, 1874.⁠[13][2]

The Compromise of 1850 did not settle the slavery question within California; supporters of Senator William M. Gwin tried to split the state into slave and free states and promoted a Pacific Coast republic. When the Civil War began, California sided with the North.⁠[1]

The first transcontinental railroad, completed in 1869, linked California with the East, and San Francisco and Los Angeles were connected by rail in 1876.⁠[2]

The railroad was built under the Railroad Act of 1862, signed by President Lincoln, for which Theodore D. Judah had won congressional support. The Central Pacific broke ground in Sacramento on January 8, 1863, and the Union PacificUnion PacificUnion Pacific Corporation is an Omaha-based U.S. railroad holding company whose Union Pacific Railroad runs freight trains in 23 western states. In 2025 it agreed to merge with Norfolk Southern.Open the full entry in Omaha, NebraskaNebraskaNebraska is a state of the United States bordered by South Dakota to the north, Iowa and Missouri to the east, Kansas to the south, and Colorado to the southwest, with its panhandle bordering Wyoming to the west; its capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha. It was admitted to the Union on March 1, 1867, as the 37th state, and its population in the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) was 1,961,504.Open the full entry, on December 2, 1863. Because California had not attracted eastern veterans, the Central Pacific recruited more than 11,000 workers from China, whose crews once laid 10 miles of track in a single day. The last rail was laid at the Golden Spike Ceremony at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869.⁠[14]

An economic slump in the 1870s fueled labor unions’ demands to exclude Chinese workers. The state constitution adopted in 1879 included reforms but discriminated against Chinese residents. Congress passed an exclusion law that year, which President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed; an 1880 treaty allowed the United States to regulate Chinese immigration, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspended it for 10 years, and Congress reenacted exclusion in 1902.⁠[1][2]

In 1887 Harvey Wilcox, a prohibitionist from Kansas, laid out Hollywood as a real-estate subdivision. Because of an inadequate water supply, Hollywood residents voted in 1910 to consolidate with Los Angeles. In 1911 a site on Sunset Boulevard became Hollywood’s first film studio, and about 20 companies were soon producing films in the area; early moviemakers were drawn by the pleasant weather, abundant sunshine, varied landscapes and sizable workforce, and independent filmmakers moved west from the East Coast. Major studios including Twentieth Century-Fox, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, Columbia Pictures and Warner Brothers grew up there, run by figures such as Louis B. Mayer and Harry Cohn; after World War II many studios moved their filming outside Hollywood.⁠[15]

At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake ruptured the northernmost San Andreas Fault for 296 miles (477 km), from San Juan Bautista to Cape Mendocino; the epicenter lay in the Pacific about 2 miles west of San Francisco, strong shaking lasted about 45 to 60 seconds in the Bay Area, and the quake was felt over about 200,000 square miles. The earthquake and fire devastated San Francisco, and the original Bear Flag was lost in the disaster.⁠[16][17][2][3]

Japanese farmworkers were brought in to replace Chinese laborers, and their success revived anti-Japanese agitation centered in San Francisco. The 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement between Japan and the United States halted further Japanese immigration, and the 1913 Webb Alien Land Law, aimed at preventing Japanese land ownership, marked the peak of anti-Japanese lobbying.⁠[1]

In 1911 California adopted the initiative, referendum and recall. The same year the Legislature passed a bill setting the basic design of the state flag (a red star and stripe, a grizzly bear and lettering) without specifying a single design, so many versions flew for about 40 years before the current flag was made official by later legislation and the Government Code.⁠[2][3][4]

Dust Bowl migrants arrived in large numbers in the 1930s, and in 1935 the U.S. government authorized the Central Valley Project.⁠[2][2]

Voters approved a $35 million construction bond in November 1930, and construction of the Golden Gate Bridge began in January 1933 under chief engineer Joseph Baermann Strauss, with important design contributions from Charles Ellis, Leon Moissieff and the architect Irving Foster Morrow. “Pedestrian Day” on May 27, 1937, opened a week-long celebration, and more than 200,000 people paid twenty-five cents each to walk across; at noon the following day President Franklin Roosevelt pressed a telegraph key at the White House to open the bridge to vehicles. Its 4,200-foot central span remained the longest in the world until the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge was completed in 1964.⁠[18]

The garage at 367 Addison Avenue in Palo Alto is listed as a California Historical Landmark under the name “Birthplace of Silicon Valley,” registered on August 13, 1987. The landmark description states that StanfordStanford UniversityStanford University is a research university in California founded by Leland and Jane Stanford in 1885 and opened in 1891.Open the full entry professor Frederick Terman encouraged students to start electronics companies locally rather than join established eastern firms, and that the first to follow his advice, William R. Hewlett and David Packard, began developing their first product, an audio oscillator, in the garage in 1938.⁠[19]

Henry J. Kaiser’s four shipyards in Richmond were the most significant shipbuilding operation on the West Coast: construction of Shipyard No. 1 began on January 14, 1941, Shipyard No. 2 was built in April 1941, and Shipyards No. 3 and No. 4 in 1942. During World War II the Richmond yards built 747 ships, including 519 Liberty ships, about 20 percent of the nation’s total, and 142 Victory ships as well as tank landing ships, frigates and troop transports; Bay Area shipbuilders as a whole launched more than 4,600 ships. From 1942 the yards recruited women, African Americans and workers from other states.⁠[20]

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Japanese Americans in California were forced from their homes. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, and more than 120,000 Japanese Americans nationwide, two-thirds of them U.S.-born citizens, were incarcerated; the last War Relocation Center closed in 1946.⁠[2][21]

The order authorized the Secretary of War and military commanders to designate military areas from which civilians could be excluded; the West Coast was divided into military zones, and the curfews imposed by Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt applied only to Japanese Americans. Public Law 503 of March 21, 1942, made violating the order a misdemeanor punishable by up to one year in prison and a $5,000 fine, and Public Proclamation No. 4 of March 29 began the forced evacuation and detention of West Coast residents on 48 hours’ notice. Those removed were held at ten sites in Wyoming, California, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, IdahoIdahoIdaho is a state in the northwestern United States, often classed as a Mountain state and also considered part of the Pacific Northwest; its capital and largest city is Boise. It was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state, and its population in the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) was 1,839,106.Open the full entry and ArkansasArkansasArkansas is a U.S. state bounded on the east by the Mississippi River; its capital and largest city is Little Rock. Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15, 1836, as the 25th state. Its population at the 2020 Census (April 1, 2020) was 3,011,524.Open the full entry. In the early 1980s the congressionally established Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians investigated and made recommendations; Public Law 100-383 later acknowledged the injustice, apologized and provided a $20,000 payment to each person who had been incarcerated.⁠[22]

In 1960 the California Master Plan for Higher Education was approved in principle by the Regents of the University of California and the State Board of Education and submitted to the Legislature; a special session of the 1960 Legislature passed the Donahoe Higher Education Act, which Governor Edmund G. (Pat) BrownBrown UniversityBrown University is a private nonprofit research university in Providence, Rhode Island, and a member of the Ivy League. Chartered by Rhode Island's colonial legislature in 1764, it is known for its undergraduate Open Curriculum, which has no common required core. Christina H. Paxson, president since July 2012, announced on August 3, 2026, that the 2026–27 academic year would be her last in office. As of October 1, 2026, the search for Brown's 20th president remained underway.Open the full entry signed on April 27, 1960. The plan assigned distinct roles to three systems: the University of California as the state’s primary academic research institution, providing undergraduate, graduate and professional education, with exclusive authority over public doctoral degrees (with exceptions); the California State University, whose primary mission is undergraduate and master’s-level education; and the community colleges, offering academic and vocational instruction through the first two years of undergraduate education. The University of California draws from the top one-eighth (12.5 percent) of high school graduates, the California State University from the top one-third (33.3 percent), and the community colleges admit any student “capable of benefiting from instruction.” The plan also reaffirmed the state’s long-standing commitment to tuition-free education for residents.⁠[23][24]

The magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake struck the Bay Area in 1989.⁠[17]

Silicon Valley saw an Internet business boom in the late 1990s, and the “Internet bubble” burst in the early 2000s; in the nationwide economic crisis of 2008 the state faced a major budget deficit and high unemployment.⁠[2]

The COVID-19 pandemic reached California in early 2020; by May 2022 the state had recorded more than 9.5 million cases and more than 90,000 deaths.⁠[2]

The U.S. Census Bureau delivered the 2020 Census apportionment results to the President on April 26, 2021, when the resident population of the 50 states and the District of Columbia totaled 331,449,281. California’s seats in the U.S. House of Representatives fell from 53 to 52, one of seven states to lose one seat each, and it has 54 electoral votes in the 2024 and 2028 presidential elections.⁠[25][26][27][28]

State government has executive, legislative and judicial branches. The Legislature consists of a Senate of 40 members serving four-year terms, half elected every two years, and an Assembly of 80 members serving two-year terms. The governor is elected to a four-year term, may serve one additional term if reelected, and is commander-in-chief of the state militia.⁠[29][30]

As of November 2026 the governor is Gavin NewsomGavin NewsomGavin Newsom is an American Democratic politician who has served as the 40th governor of California since 2019; he previously served as mayor of San Francisco and lieutenant governor of California and founded the PlumpJack Group.Open the full entry, California’s 40th governor, first inaugurated on January 7, 2019, and inaugurated for a second term on January 6, 2023. Born in San Francisco on October 10, 1967, he graduated from Santa Clara University in 1989, was appointed to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1997, was elected mayor of San Francisco in 2003, and was elected lieutenant governor in 2010 and re-elected in 2014. The lieutenant governor is Eleni Kounalakis.⁠[31][32][33]

The California Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices; vacancies are filled by the governor, and an appointee must be confirmed on a statewide ballot to serve a 12-year term. As of 2026 the chief justice is Patricia Guerrero. The Courts of Appeal are organized into six appellate districts.⁠[29][34]

California is the third largest U.S. state by area, after AlaskaAlaskaAlaska is the largest U.S. state by area and borders Canada to the east; its capital is Juneau and its largest city is Anchorage. Alaska was admitted to the Union on January 3, 1959, as the 49th state. Its population at the 2020 Census (April 1, 2020) was 733,391.Open the full entry and TexasTexasTexas is a U.S. state in the south-central United States, with its capital at Austin and its largest city Houston. It was admitted to the Union on December 29, 1845, as the 28th state, and the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) counted 29,145,505 residents.Open the full entry. In Census Bureau 2010 measurements, it has a total area of 163,695 square miles (423,967 km²), of which 155,779 square miles (403,466 km²) is land and 7,916 square miles (20,501 km²) is water. It borders OregonOregonOregon (officially the State of Oregon) is a state on the Pacific coast of the western United States; its capital is Salem and its largest city is Portland. It was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1859, as the 33rd state. Its population in the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) was 4,237,256.Open the full entry to the north, Nevada and Arizona (across the Colorado River) to the east and Mexico to the south, and has 840 miles (1,351 km) of Pacific coastline; it stretches up to 780 miles (1,255 km) north to south and 365 miles (587 km) across.⁠[2][35]

The highest point is Mount Whitney in the Sierra Nevada, at 14,494 feet (4,418 m), and the lowest is Death Valley, 282 feet (86 m) below sea level. The Sierra Nevada is 50 to 80 miles wide and about 400 miles long; the Central Valley is about 450 miles long and averages 40 miles wide, drained by the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers into San Francisco Bay. In the Cascades, Mount Shasta rises to 14,162 feet (4,317 m) and Lassen Peak to 10,457 feet (3,187 m).⁠[2]

Most of the state has two seasons, a rainy winter and a dry summer. Annual precipitation ranges from more than 170 inches (430 cm) in the northwest to about 2 inches (5 cm) in Death Valley. California has more than 40,000 plant and animal species, and nearly one-fourth of North America’s plant types grow naturally there; redwoods once covered about 2,000,000 acres, of which about 200,000 acres are now protected.⁠[2]

Major water projects include the 80-mile All-American Canal irrigating the Imperial Valley, the Hetch Hetchy reservoir (O’Shaughnessy Dam) supplying San Francisco about 160 miles away, the 242-mile (389-km) Colorado River Aqueduct, and the 444-mile (715-km) California Aqueduct of the State Water Project.⁠[2]

The Census Bureau estimated the population at 39,355,309 on July 1, 2025 (Vintage 2025), down from 39,364,774 on July 1, 2024; California was one of five states that lost population in 2024–2025. Net international migration from July 1, 2024, to June 30, 2025, was 109,278, the third highest among the states.⁠[36]

California had fewer than 100,000 people at statehood in 1850 and about 1.5 million in 1900, and it passed New York StateNew York (state)New York is a state in the eastern United States; its capital is Albany and its largest city is New York City. One of the original 13 states, it ratified the U.S. Constitution on July 26, 1788, becoming the 11th state to join the Union, and its population in the 2020 census was 20,201,249.Open the full entry as the most populous state in the 1960s. In the 2020 Census Hispanics made up almost two-fifths of the population, non-Hispanic whites just over one-third, Asian Americans 15 percent and African Americans more than 5 percent, and more than one-fourth of residents were foreign born. More than 70 cities have over 100,000 people; Los Angeles is the largest in the state and second largest in the nation, and San Diego is the state’s second largest.⁠[2]

Preliminary data released by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis on March 28, 2025, put California’s 2024 current-dollar GDP at $4,103,124 million, with real GDP growth of 3.6%; its economic output ranks first among the states.⁠[37][2]

California leads all states in cash farm income, with the Central Valley as its chief agricultural region; four-fifths of North America’s wine comes from California, and in the 1990s it passed WisconsinWisconsinWisconsin is a state in the north-central United States; its capital is Madison and its largest city is Milwaukee. Wisconsin was admitted to the Union on May 29, 1848, as the 30th state, and the 2020 census (April 1, 2020) counted 5,893,718 residents.Open the full entry as the leading milk producer. Its petroleum output led all states in the early 20th century, and petroleum remains its most valuable mineral.⁠[2]

California leads all states in manufacturing value, which employs about 10 percent of its workers; high technology dominates, the Santa Clara Valley area having earned the nickname “Silicon Valley” after the main material used in semiconductor devices, and Southern California leads in aircraft, missiles and space equipment. Services are the dominant sector and tourism a major source of income; the main ports are San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego. Hollywood has been the center of the American film industry since the early 1900s and of television since the 1960s.⁠[2]

The first American school opened at Mission Santa Clara in 1846, and the first free public schools were founded in San Francisco; a statewide public education system was organized in 1866, and state support for high schools began in 1903. The University of California comprises BerkeleyUniversity of California, BerkeleyThe University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) is a campus of the University of California system; the University of California was founded in 1868 through a merger of two institutions and moved to Berkeley, California, in 1873.Open the full entry and nine other campuses, and California State University has more than 20 campuses; other well-known institutions include Stanford, Caltech, USCUniversity of Southern CaliforniaThe University of Southern California (USC) is a private research university in Los Angeles, California, planned by a group led by Judge Robert Maclay Widney and opened to students in 1880.Open the full entry and the Claremont Colleges.⁠[2]

California has more than a dozen national parks and monuments and more than 20 million acres of national forests. Squaw Valley hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics and Los Angeles the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics, and the state has more professional sports teams than any other. Walt Disney’s Disneyland opened in Anaheim in 1955.⁠[2][2]

The nickname “The Golden State,” made official in 1968, refers to the golden poppy, the state flower, and to the gold discovered in 1848. The motto “Eureka” (“I have found it”) has appeared on the state seal since 1849 and was made the official motto in 1963. The Great Seal was adopted by the Constitutional Convention of 1849; it was designed by Major R. S. Garnett and proposed by Caleb Lyon.⁠[2][4][7]

The current flag shows a red star and stripe taken from the U.S. flag, a grizzly bear and the legend “California Republic,” repeating the wording of the 1846 Bear Flag without its period. The state colors are blue and gold (1951 legislation).⁠[3][4]

The state flower is the California poppy (1903), the bird the California quail (1931), the tree the California redwood (1937), the animal the California grizzly bear (1953), the fish the golden trout (1947), the mineral native gold (1965), the rock serpentine (1965), the gemstone benitoite (1985), the reptile the desert tortoise (1972), the marine mammal the California gray whale (1975), the fossil the saber-toothed cat (1973) and the sport surfing (2018). The state song is “I Love You, California” (made official by law in 1988).⁠[4]

CA.gov: Official website: https://www.ca.gov/ (opens in a new window).⁠[33]

Governor of California: Official website: https://www.gov.ca.gov/ (opens in a new window).⁠[32]

California State Library: Official website: https://www.library.ca.gov/ (opens in a new window).⁠[4]

California State Capitol Museum: Official website: https://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/ (opens in a new window).⁠[29]

California State Assembly: Official website: https://www.assembly.ca.gov/ (opens in a new window).⁠[38]