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Alex Wissner-Gross

Alex Wissner-Gross (Alexander D. Wissner-Gross) is an American physicist, computer scientist, entrepreneur and investor with three bachelor’s degrees from MIT and a Ph.D. in physics from HarvardHarvard UniversityHarvard University is a private research university in Massachusetts, established by the Massachusetts Bay Colony legislature in 1636 and named in 1639 for early benefactor John Harvard. Its principal campuses are in Cambridge and the Allston and Longwood neighborhoods of Boston. It includes Harvard College, graduate and professional schools, and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Two governing boards share oversight. Alan M. Garber was president as of October 2026, and the endowment stood at $56.9 billion at the end of fiscal 2025.Open the full entry, who proposed the “causal entropic forces” theory defining intelligence as “a force to maximize future freedom of action.” He founded the government intelligent-systems company Gemedy and the investment firm Reified, co-founded the AI physics laboratory Physical Superintelligence (PSI) in 2026 and serves as its chief scientist, and is a co-host of the Moonshots podcast hosted by Peter DiamandisPeter DiamandisPeter Diamandis is a co-founder and partner of Link-XPV, a co-founder and partner of BOLD Capital Partners, and the founder and executive chairman of XPRIZE. This entry draws on Link Ventures, primary materials from related institutions and regulators, and high-quality corroborating sources, and distinguishes between main funds, affiliated vehicles, current titles, past positions, investment attribution and personal finances.Open the full entry and author of the daily newsletter The Innermost Loop.

Contents16 sections
Key facts

Early Life: High School

Wissner-Gross attended Great Neck South High School in New York from 1995 to 1999 and graduated first in his class in 1999. In high school he won numerous awards in informatics and mathematics competitions, was a member of the U.S. team at the International Olympiad in Informatics in 1998, and placed 10th nationally in the Intel Science Talent Search in 1999.⁠[1][1][2][1][1]

Three Degrees at MIT

From 1999 to 2003, he studied for three bachelor’s degrees at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in physics, electrical science and engineering, and mathematics, graduating in 2003; he says he was the last person in MIT history to earn a triple major, and he ranked first of about 550 in his MIT School of Engineering class as a Henry Ford II Scholar. He won a Marshall Scholarship (declined) and in 2003 received a Hertz Foundation fellowship.⁠[1][1][1][1][1]

Ph.D. in Physics at Harvard

From 2003 to 2007, he studied physics at Harvard University, earning an A.M. and a Ph.D. with a dissertation titled Physically Programmable Surfaces, on neuromorphic computing, machine learning and programmable matter, which won the Hertz Foundation’s 2008 Doctoral Thesis Prize; during his doctorate he also received the Harvard Physics Department’s Harold T. White Prize for teaching.⁠[1][1][2][1][2][1]

Early Ventures

From 2006, Wissner-Gross founded and was a partner in the software incubator Maxtile Holdings, which was acquired by Surf My Ads in 2007 and by ISC/Mindhive in 2011; in 2007 he founded the web analytics company Enernetics, which was acquired by Sustainable Travel International in 2016.⁠[1][1][1]

Research Positions at Harvard and MIT

After his doctorate he was a Ziff Fellow in computer science at Harvard from 2008 to 2010, a research affiliate at the MIT Media Lab from 2010 to 2019, an institute fellow at Harvard’s Institute for Applied Computational Science from 2012 to 2021, and an expert in residence at the Harvard Innovation Lab from 2012 to 2020, and taught the Harvard course Computational Science Ventures from 2012 to 2015; since 2017 he has been an alumni expert in residence at MIT.⁠[1][1][1][1][1][1]

Relativistic Statistical Arbitrage

In 2010, he and C. E. Freer published “Relativistic statistical arbitrage” in Physical Review E, which was named one of the year’s technology Science News stories by the Society for Science & the Public; the two later received a U.S. patent on a related method.⁠[1][1][1]

Founding Gemedy

In 2011, he founded the government intelligent-systems company Gemedy and became its president and chief scientist. He also served as a task force observer on software design and acquisition for defense systems at the U.S. Defense Science Board (2016–2017) and as a subject matter expert for the Homeland Defense and Security Information Analysis Center.⁠[1][1][1]

Causal Entropic Forces and a TED Talk

In 2013, he and C. E. Freer published “Causal entropic forces” in Physical Review Letters, proposing that intelligence can be defined physically as a dynamic force, “a force to maximize future freedom of action,” expressed as F = T ∇ Sτ. On November 17 that year he spoke at TEDxBeaconStreet on “A new equation for intelligence”; the talk was posted on the TED website in February 2014 and was a TED Talk of the Week, and he says his TED talks have been viewed more than 2 million times in 27 languages.⁠[1][3][3][3][4][3][1][5]

Essays in This Idea Must Die and Other Collections

In 2015, he contributed the essay “Intelligence as a property” to This Idea Must Die, a collection of science essays edited by John Brockman, which reached No. 19 on the New York Times science best-seller list; that year he also contributed “Engines of freedom” to another collection, What to Think About Machines That Think.⁠[1][1][1]

Founding Reified

In 2019, he founded Reified, a startup investing and advisory firm, and became its managing partner. He says he has backed and advised more than 40 technology companies, directly and through 021T Capital and Reified.⁠[1][5]

Joining the Moonshots Podcast

Co-founding Physical Superintelligence

On September 1, 2026, Physical Superintelligence (PSI), an AI physics laboratory co-founded by Wissner-Gross with Matt Pines and Alex Klokus, announced $58 million in seed funding led by Breakthrough Energy Ventures. Pines is chief executive officer, Klokus is president and Wissner-Gross is chief scientist and chief of strategy. The company is a public benefit corporation; its core platform, Emmy, named after the physicist Emmy Noether, uses “virtual physicists” to break research questions into hypotheses and test them in parallel, capabilities that were still company-described at launch. Its first commercial application is data center optimization. The company says physics is about to change more in the next five years than in the previous fifty.⁠[8][8][8][9][9][9][9][8][8][8][8][10]

Solve Everything, Co-written with Diamandis

With Diamandis he co-wrote the long essay Solve Everything: Achieving Abundance by 2035, sketching a decade in which AI accelerates and grand challenges in medicine, energy and industry are systematically solved; the authors note that they used artificial intelligence as a collaborator in writing it.⁠[11][11][11][5]

Philanthropic and Academic Service

Since 2010 Wissner-Gross has interviewed fellowship applicants for the Hertz Foundation; since 2015 he has served on the scientific advisory board of the Lifeboat Foundation, since 2016 on the advisory board of the Organ Preservation Alliance and since 2018 on the advisory board of the Brain Preservation Foundation, and in 2023 he was a co-curator of TEDxBoston. He says he has received 128 major distinctions, authored 24 publications and been granted 26 patents, including pending applications.⁠[1][1][1][1][1][1]

Related Organizations, Websites, and Public Accounts

Physical Superintelligence: Official website: https://psi.inc/ (opens in a new window).⁠[5]

The Innermost Loop (personal newsletter): https://theinnermostloop.substack.com/ (opens in a new window)⁠[5]

Solve Everything (co-written with Peter Diamandis): https://www.solveeverything.org/ (opens in a new window)⁠[5][7]

Sources

  1. Dr. Alexander D. Wissner-Gross — Curriculum Vitae (opens in a new window)
  2. Alexander Wissner-Gross - Hertz Foundation (opens in a new window)
  3. Alex Wissner-Gross | Speaker | TED (opens in a new window)
  4. Talks — Dr. Alexander D. Wissner-Gross (opens in a new window)
  5. Dr. Alexander D. Wissner-Gross (opens in a new window)
  6. Moonshots with Peter Diamandis — official episode archive (opens in a new window)
  7. Dr. Alex Wissner-Gross (@alexwg) on X (opens in a new window)
  8. Physical Superintelligence Raises $58 Million Seed To Build AI Physics Lab And Virtual Physicist Platform (opens in a new window)
  9. PSI · Physical Superintelligence (opens in a new window)
  10. The AI-Native Laboratory Fueling the Physics Takeoff · PSI (opens in a new window)
  11. Solve Everything (opens in a new window)
  12. About - The Innermost Loop (opens in a new window)